# 第二十章 副词从句简化之二

简化从句是比较复杂的句型。因为它有精简、浓缩的特色,也是修辞效果相当好的句型。其中又以副词从句的简化最为复杂。上一章探讨了副词从句简化为 Ving 形式的变化,本章继续探讨副词从句简化的其他变化。

# 简化为 Ven

从属从句简化的共同原则是省略主语与 be 动词。副词从句中如果原本是被动态(be+Ven),那么简化之后没有了 be 动词,就会成为 Ven 的形态。例如:

  • After he was shot in the knee 副词从句, he couldn't fight. (膝盖中枪后,他就不能作战了。)

例句中副词从句的主语 he 与主要从句的主语相同,可以简化。省去主语与 be 动词后,不再需要连接词,成为:

  • Shot in the knee 简化副词从句, he couldn't fight.

# 一、是否保留连接词

上例中连接词 after 可以不留,因为 shot 是过去分词,本身就表示“已经中枪”、“中枪之后”,已有完成式的暗示,因而不再需要 after 一词。但下面的例子则不同:

  • Although he was shot in the knee 副词从句, he killed three more enemy soldiers. (虽然膝盖中枪,他仍多杀了三名敌军。)

句中连接词 although 带有“相反”的暗示,省去后意思会有出入,应该予以保留:

  • Although shot in the knee 简化副词从句, he killed three more enemy soldiers.

或者,如果省略 although 的话,也必须用其他方式来表示句中的“相反”暗示,例如:

  • Shot in the knee, he still killed three more enemy soldiers.

# 二、三个特殊的连接词

另外,连接词如果要留下来,要注意一点:before、after、since 这三个连接词也可以当介系词用。如果其中任何一个出现在简化从句中,由于没有了主语、动词,这个连接词就得当介系词看待,亦即:后面要接名词。例如:

  • Before it was redecorated 副词从句, the house was in bad shape. (这栋房子重新装潢之前状况很糟。)

副词从句简化之后,连接词 before 不能省略,否则意思会不同,成为:

  • Redecorated, the house was in bad shape.

因为过去分词 redecorated 有完成的暗示,上面这句的意思是“重新装潢后,这栋房子状况很糟。”若要维持原意,则连接词 before 不能省略。但是,before 是可以当介系词使用的连接词,留下来又会有问题:

  • Before redecorated, the house was in bad shape. (误)

上句的错误在于 before 此时是介系词,后面却只有形容词类的 redecorated,造成语法错误。修改的办法是改变 redecorated 的词性。若要保留它的被动态,就不能作词尾的词类变化,只能在前面加 being 来作词类变化:

  • Before being redecorated 简化副词从句, the house was in bad shape.

be 动词是没有内容的字眼。在此加上 being 一词,纯粹是因应词类变化的需求:用动名词词尾的 -ing 来变成名词,以符合 before 介系词的要求。另外,以这个例子而言,忽略 redecorated 的被动态,改成名词 redecoration,意思仍不失清楚:

  • Before redecoration 介系词短语, the house was in bad shape.

除了 before 以外,after 和 since 这两个连接词如需保留,也都要注意词类的问题。

# 三、如何应用 having been

许多学习者对 having been 颇觉困扰。在此用一个例子来说明它的用法:

  1. Because they had been warned 副词从句, they proceeded carefully. (因为已经得到警告,他们就很小心地进行。)

简化这个句子里的副词从句时,主语 they 当然可以先省掉。动词 had been warned 有两种处理方式。 be 动词固然没有内容,可以省略,但是 had been 是 be 动词的完成式,有“已经……”的意味。如果要保留下来,就得先把 had been 改成分词类的 having been,成为:

  1. Having been warned 简化副词从句, they proceeded carefully.

另外,如果忽略例 1 中 had been 的完成式内容,把整个 be 动词的完成式视同一般的 be 动词,随主语一起省略,就可以把例 1 简化为:

  1. Warned 简化副词从句, they proceeded carefully.

这个句子中,warned 一字是过去分词,本身就具有完成的暗示(表示“已经”受到警告),所以把 had been 省略并不影响句意。

如果把例 2 和例 3 两句比较一下,当可发现:having been 后面如果跟的是过去分词,那么即使把 having been 省略,在语法上同样正确(因为例 2 的 having… 和例 3 的 warned 同属分词,词类相同),而且在意思上也相同。因为例 2 的 having been 是表达“已经” 的意思,而例 3 里的 warned 同样表达了“已经”的意思。所以,having been 后面如果跟的是过去分词,就可省略,不会有任何影响。

# 四、主语不同时

副词从句简化为 Ven,如果主语和主要从句的主语不同,就得把主语留下来,不得省略。例如:

  • When the coffin had been interred 副词从句, the minister said a few comforting words. (棺材入土后,牧师说了几句安慰的话。)

副词从句的主语是棺材,和主要从句的主语牧师不同,不能省略,不然会出现下面的结果:

  • (Having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words. (误)

这个意思是“入土之后,牧师说了几句安慰的话。”也就是牧师入土了,在地下说话!正确的做法是:主语不同时要把主语留下,动词加以简化,并省去连接词,成为:

  • The coffin (having been) interred 简化副词从句, the minister said a few comforting words.

# 五、简化为 to V

如果原来的副词从句中有语气助动词(can、should、must 之类),带有不确定语气,简化之后就会成为不定词。例如:

  • He studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship 副词从句. (他用功读书,为的是要拿奖学金。)

副词从句的动词 could get 并不表示拿到了奖学金,只是想要拿,带有不确定语气。这时就可简化为不定词。从前提过,所有的语气助动词都可改写为 be+to 的形状,意思不会有太大的变化。所以助动词的简化,去除了 be 动词就剩下 to,成为不定词:

  • He studied hard in order to get a scholarship 简化副词从句.

再看一个例子:

  • I'll only be too glad if I can help 副词从句. (如果帮得上忙,我非常乐意。)

副词从句中的动词 can help 有助动词在,仍是不确定语气:还没开始帮忙。简化后成为:

  • I'll only be too glad to help 简化副词从句.

副词从句中凡有助动词存在,简化的结果都是一样:连接词省略,主语如果相同亦省略,助动词拿掉 be 动词之后变成 to,所以就剩下 to V 的结果。

# 单纯的 be 动词时

如果副词从句的动词是单纯的 be 动词,后面可能是一般的名词、形容词类的补语。要简化时,首先得注意主语要和主要从句的主语相同,然后才可以把连接词留下来,省去主语和 be 动词,留下补语。例如:

# 一、介系词短语

  • When you are under attack 副词从句, you must take cover immediately. (受到攻击时,要立刻寻找掩护。)

这个副词从句的动词是 be 动词,补语是介系词短语 under attack。简化后成为:

  • When under attack 简化副词从句, you must take cover immediately.

# 二、形容词

  • While it is small in size 副词从句, the company is very competitive. (这家公司规模虽小,但很有竞争力。)

副词从句中的补语是形容词 small,简化方式相同:

  • While small in size 简化副词从句, the company is very competitive.

# 三、名词

  • Although he was a doctor by training 副词从句, Asimov became a writer. (虽然接受的是做医生的训练,但阿西莫夫后来成了作家。)

副词从句中的补语是名词 a doctor,简化后成为:

  • Although a doctor by training 简化副词从句, Asimov became a writer.

观察以上三种情形,可以作一归纳:副词从句的连接词不同于名词从句或形容词从句,是有意义的连接词,简化时常要留下来。一旦留下连接词,那么它是由副词从句简化而成这一点就十分明显。所以,拿掉主语与 be 动词后,不论什么词类的补语——名词、形容词、介系词短语——都可以留下来。不过有两点需要注意:如果连接词是 before 与 after 之类,简化后成为介系词,后面只能接名词类。另外,表示原因的连接词 because 与 since,简化后通常不能原样留下来,要改成 because of,as a result of 之类的介系词。做法请看下面说明。

# 改为介系词短语

副词从句的连接词有表达某种逻辑关系的意义。简化时有一种特别的做法,就是把连接词改为意义近似的介系词,整个从句简化为名词后,作为介系词的宾语。

  • When she arrived at the party 副词从句, she found all the people gone. (她到达舞会场地时,发现人都走光了。)

与连接词 when 近似的介系词有 on 和 upon。上面的句子可以改写为:

  • Upon arriving at the party 介系词短语, she found all the people gone.

因为介系词后面只有一个宾语的空间,所以句型要大幅精简,所有重复、空洞的字眼都要删去,有意义的部分则尽量保留下来。通常可以把动词改成动名词(加 -ing),如上例的方式处理。不过也可以这样修改:

  • Upon her arrival at the party 介系词短语, she found all the people gone.

动词 arrive 直接改成名词 arrival,符合词类要求而意思不变。下面的例子就有些不同:

  • When she completed the project 副词从句, she was promoted. (她完成了这项计划,就被提升了。)

同样的,副词从句可以改写为介系词加动名词。

  • Upon completing the project 介系词短语, she was promoted.

可是动词 complete 如改成名词 completion,就会有问题:

  • Upon completion the project, she was promoted. (误)

错误在于 complete 的后面有宾语 the project。一旦变成名词的 completion,原来的宾语就无所归依,所以要再加介系词 of 来处理:

  • Upon completion of the project 介系词短语, she was promoted.

再看一个例子:

  • The construction work was delayed because it had been raining 副词从句. (因为一直下雨,建筑工程就耽搁了。)

上例中副词从句的连接词可以改为介系词 because of,成为:

  • The construction work was delayed because of rain 介系词短语.

副词从句中的虚主语 it,以及动词 had been 都可以省略,有意义的只有 rain 一词要留下来。再看这个例子:

  • Although he opposed it 副词从句, the plan was carried out. (虽然他反对,这个计划还是施行了。)

例句中连接词 although 和介系词 despite 或 in spite of 意思接近,可以改为:

  • Despite his opposition 介系词短语, the plan was carried out.

副词从句中的宾语 it,其内容与主要从句重复,是多余的字眼。Although 改为介系词 Despite 后,只能接一个宾语,里面要放下 he opposed 这个部分的概念,于是将词类变化为 his opposition。再看下例:

  • If there should be a fire 副词从句, the sprinkler will be started. (万一失火,洒水器会开动。)

例句中的连接词 if 和介系词 in case of 近似。改写后,副词从句中的 there should be 这几个没有内容的词都要省略,只要把有意义的 fire 一词放进去就好:

  • In case of a fire 介系词短语, the sprinkler will be started.

副词从句改写为介系词短语,是大幅度的简化。许多连接词都找得到近似的介系词。然而,改过之后,只剩下一个名词的空间来装下整个从句的内容,所以要大量精简。装不下时就不要这样简化,或者另辟蹊径。例如:

  • Because (副词从句) the exam S is V only a week away C, I have no time to waste. (因为离考试只剩一个星期了,我不能再浪费时间。)

这个副词从句的主语 the exam 和主要从句主语 I 不同,不易简化,需改成介系词短语:

  • With 介系词 the exam O only a week away C, I have no time to waste.

连接词 because 改成介系词 with。原来的主语 the exam 作它的宾语。be 动词省略后,主语补语 only a week away 就成了宾语补语,完成了简化的工作。

# 结语

简化从句这个较庞大的概念,至此可告一段落。这个非常重要的观念,对于认识与写作复杂的句型有极大的帮助。为了消化这个观念,本书拟在下一章采用 sentence-combining 的方式,与读者共同将若干个单句组合成复合句,再进一步简化到只剩一个完整的从句。这样做一方面可以复习语法句型观念,一方面也是英语写作的最佳练习。读者亲自练习一下,应当会有更深一层的体验。

# Test

# 练习一

# 将下列各句中的副词从句(即画底线部分)改写为简化从句:

1. After he was told to report to his supervisor, the clerk left in a hurry.
Show Answer
2. Although he was ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.
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3. The plan must be modified before it is put into effect.
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4. Because it had been bombed twice in the previous week, the village was a total wreck.
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5. When all things are considered, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
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6. When the job was done, the secretary went home.
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7. He took on two extra jobs so that he could feed his family.
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8. If you are in doubt, you should look up the word in the dictionary.
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9. Because pork is so expensive, I'm buying beef instead.
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10. When we consider his handicap, he has done very well indeed.
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# 练习二

# 请选出最适当的答案填入空格内,以使句子完整。

1. __ not a big star, the actor played in hundreds of films.
(A) 
Although
(B) 
He was
(C) 
Because
(D) 
Despite
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2. Eisenhauer was president of Columbia University __ President of the USA.
(A) 
before he becomes
(B) 
before becoming
(C) 
before
(D) 
before became
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3. Gold remains stable even __ to extremely high temperatures.
(A) 
when is heated
(B) 
it is heated
(C) 
when to heat
(D) 
when heated
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4. __, the stock market crashed.
(A) 
With investor confidence gone
(B) 
When investor confidence gone
(C) 
When investors lose confidence
(D) 
With investors lost confidence
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5. A monkey's brain is small __ with the human brain.
(A) 
when they are compared
(B) 
when compare
(C) 
compared
(D) 
to compare them
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6. Picasso did many of his abstract paintings __ living in Paris.
(A) 
that he was
(B) 
during
(C) 
while
(D) 
and
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7. __ at correct angles, diamonds reflect light brilliantly.
(A) 
When carved
(B) 
If it is carved
(C) 
Carving
(D) 
If carving
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8. __, the children gradually learned to be independent.
(A) 
Because their father gone
(B) 
Their father was gone
(C) 
Due to their father was gone
(D) 
With their father gone
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9. She broke into tears __ the news.
(A) 
upon hearing
(B) 
because hearing
(C) 
when heard
(D) 
when she hears
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10. __ the truth, I know nothing about it.
(A) 
To tell you
(B) 
Telling you
(C) 
I tell you
(D) 
I told you
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