# 第十二章 名词从句

自本章起本书告别简单句,进入较复杂的复句、合句结构,开始探讨怎样把两个简单句写在一起。

# 何谓合句?

如果是两个各自能够独立的简单句,中间以 and、but、or 等连接词连起来,两句之间维持平行、对称的关系,没有主、从之分,就称为合句(Compound Sentence),又称对等从句。例如:

  • Girls like dolls, but boys like robots. (女生喜欢洋娃娃,男生喜欢机器人。)

一个合句,只要当成两个简单句来解释就好了,两句之间互为对等从句,关系十分单纯,不须多加解释。只有在省略时要注意对等从句之间对称的要求,这点留待第十五章再加以详述。

# 何谓复句?

如果将一个句子改造成名词、形容词或副词类,放到另一句中使用,就称为从属从句,另一句则称为主要从句。合并而成的句子有主从之分,就称为复句(Complex Sentence)。

复句的从属从句有三种,分别是名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句,各有其特色,在此先看一些简单例子的说明:

# 一、名词从句

  1. I S know V something O.

  2. I am right.

I S know V that I am right O. (我知道我是对的。)

I am right 是一个独立的简单句,外加连接词 that 成为名词从句,放在主要从句中当做 know 的宾语。

# 二、形容词从句

  1. My father is a man .

  2. He always keeps his word.

→ My father is a man who always keeps his word . (我父亲是个信守诺言的人。)

形容词从句又称关系从句。两个各自独立的简单句之间必须要有关系,也就是要有一个重复的元素存在。上例中,例 1 与例 2 即因为 a man 和 he 的重复而建立关系,再将重复点的 he 改写成关系词 who,就可以将两句连在一起了。who always keeps his word 用来形容前面的名词 man,所以称为形容词从句。

# 三、副词从句

  1. He works hard.

  2. He's in need of money.

→ He works hard because he's in need of money . (他勤奋工作,因为他需要钱。)

这是最简单的一种从属从句。例 1 及例 2 都是完整、独立的简单句。两者之间有因果关系:他缺钱是他努力工作的原因,于是用表示原因的连接词 because 加在例 2 前面,把两句话连起来就成了。because he's in need of money 修饰动 works,所以称为副词从句。

本章我们先探讨名词从句,至于形容词从句、副词从句、合句留待后三章探讨。

# 典型的名词从句

典型的名词从句具有以下几个特色:

一、本身原来是一个完整、独立的简单句。

二、前面加上连接词 that。这个连接词没有意义,只有语法功能,表示后面跟着一个名词从句。

三、名词从句须放在主要从句的名词位置(主语、宾语、补语、同位语等位置),当作名词使用。

现在依名词从句出现的各种位置来看看它的变化。

# 一、主语位置

  1. Something S is strange.

  2. He didn't show up on time.

→ (A) That he didn’t show up on time S is strange.

→ (B) It is strange that he didn't show up on time S.

  (真是奇怪,他没有准时来。)

例 2 He didn't show up on time 就是例 1 主语 something 的内容。在它前面加上 that(表示“那件事”)就成了名词从句,可以直接放入例 1 主语(something)的位置,做为 is 的主语使用,成为(A)的复句。

另外,名词从句如果很长,直接放入主语位置使用时,可能会让读者看不清楚,这时候可以用 it 这个虚词(expletive)来填入主语位置,让主要从句 It is strange 比较清楚地表达出来,名词从句则向后移,成为(B)的复句。

# 二、宾语位置

  1. The defendant S said V something O.

  2. He didn't do it.

→ (A) The defendant S said V that he didn’t do it O.

  (被告说那不是他做的。)

例 2 的 He didn't do it. 就是例 1 中 something 的内容,于是在例 2 前面加上连接词 that 成为名词从句,然后直接放入例 1 中作为 said 的宾语,就成为(A)的复句。

名词从句的连接词 that 因为没有意义,只有标示从句的语法功能,所以有时能省略。如果名词从句放在及物动词后面的宾语位置,读者可以清楚看出这是名词从句,就可以省略连接词 that。试比较下面两句:

  1. The defendant said that he didn’t do it O.

  2. That he didn't show up S is strange.

例 1 的名词从句放在宾语位置,省略掉 that 之后仍然清楚。例 2 的名词从句放在主语位置,如果省略掉 that,成为:

  • He didn't show up is strange. (误)

这个句子就有问题。因为没有从属连接词,读者会以为 He didn't show up 就是主要从句,再看到后面的 is strange 就会觉得奇怪了。一般语法书说名词从句作宾语使用时,可以省略 that,主要就是因为宾语位置是明显的从属位置,省掉连接词不会不清楚,主语位置则不然。总之,能否省略,要看省略以后能不能维持意思的清楚。

  1. I S find V something O strange C.

  2. He didn't show up on time.

→ (A) I find it strange that he didn't show up on time O.

  (我觉得奇怪,他竟然没有准时来。)

例 2 He didn't show up on time. 就是例 1 的宾语 something 的内容,可以加上连接词 that,成为名词从句,放入 something 的位置作宾语使用。可是它后面还有一个补语 strange,如果宾语的从句太长,又会造成不清楚,所以还是借用虚字 it 暂代宾语位置,将从句后移,成为(A)的结果。

# 三、补语位置

The car is ruined. The important thing S is V that we're all right C. (车子报销了,要紧的是我们都安然无恙。)

名词类的主语补语与主语之间是同等关系,也就是:

the important thing = we're all right

把 we're all right 前面加上连接词 that(表示“那件事情”),作为名词从句,放在 be 动词后面的补语位置,和主语 the important thing(要紧的事情)同等,就成为一个复句。

名词从句放在补语位置,只要不会产生断句的困难或意思的混淆,仍然可以省略连接词 that,例如上面这句就可以写成:

  • The important thing is we're all right.

# 四、同位语位置

等看过后面对“简化从句”的探讨,会了解到所谓同位语其实就是形容词从句简化之后所留下的补语。这是后话,目前不妨接受传统语法中的“同位语”一词。

  • The story S that he once killed a man 同位语 might just be true. (他杀过人这件事极有可能是真的。)

上例中 he once killed a man 原是一个完整的简单句,加上连接词 that 之后成为名词从句,放在名词 the story 的后面作它的同位语,也就是和它同等的东西。

  • I S am V afraid C that I can't help you 同位语. (对不起,我帮不了你。)

上例中 I can’t help you 是完整的单句,外加连接词 that,这种构造就是名词从句。名词从句属于名词类,要放在主要从句的名词位置使用。可是主要从句 I am afraid 当中看不出来有任何名词位置可以放这个名词从句。原来这中间经过省略,请看下面的句子;

  1. I am afraid of that thing.

  2. I can't help you.

例 2 的 I can’t help you 加上连接词 that,成为名词从句,可以视为例 1 中 thing 的同位语。基于以下三点原因:

  1. that thing 没有意义

  2. that thing 与 that I can't help you 重复

  3. of that thing 是可有可无的介系词短语

于是将 of that thing 省略掉。就成为:

  • I am afraid that I can't help you .

这句话中的名词从句仍应视为用在同位语位置。句中的 that 也可以省略。再看一个例子:

  • You S 'd better take V care O that nothing goes wrong 同位语. (你最好小心,别出錯。)

这个句子的宾语是 care,是 S+V+O 的句型,同样没有位置可以放名词从句,但是可以视为下面两句的结合:

  1. You'd better take care of that thing.

  2. Nothing goes wrong.

例 2 加上 that 成为名词从句,可以放在 that thing 后面作为同位语,再把 of that thing 这个介系词短语省略就成为:

  • You'd better take care that nothing goes wrong.

句中的连接词 that 省略掉,也不会影响句意或造成不清楚,所以可以省略。

# 名词从句的放大

名词从句的内容,有时比主要从句重要,这时候可以选择把名词从句当成主要从句处理,反而把主要从句缩小,放入括弧性的逗号当中。例如:

1.This S is V your last offer C, I S suppose V? (我想这就是你们的最后报价吧?)

这里有两个从句,找不到连接词,主从关系如何?请先把它还原到正常的顺序:

  1. I S suppose V that this is your last offer O?

例 2 中可以看出主要从句是 I suppose something,而从属从句是 that this is your last offer。后者是重要的内容所在,却在从属的位置,有点本末倒置,所以加以放大处理:把连接词 that 省略掉,再移到前面,使它看起来像主要从句,再把 I suppose 往后移到比较不重要的位置,放到逗号后,就成了例 1 的形状。

引用句也可比照办理,而且可以倒装(动词调到主语前面)。请看下例:

  1. The earthquake was a 6.9, said Dr. Chang, Director of the Yangmingshan Geological Observatory. (这场地震为 6.9 级,阳明山地质观测站主任张博士如是说。)

这个句子原本的形状是这样的:

  1. Dr. Chang S, Director of the Yangmingshan Geological Observatory, said V that the earthquake was a 6.9 O.

这个句子中,地震几级是重点,谁说的并不重要,可是在例 2 中 that the earthquake was a 6.9 是从属的名词从句,被放到句尾,没有获得应有的强调,所以把它放大处理,省略掉 that,移到句首,使它看起来像主要从句,成为这个形状:

  1. The earthquake was a 6.9 O, Dr. Chang S, Director of the Yangmingshan Geological Observatory, said V.

这个句子固然给予名词从句应有的强调,可是主语 Dr. Chang 与动词 said 之间距离太远,动词又与宾语的名词从句距离太远,修辞效果不佳。如果把动词倒装到主语前面,成为例 1 的形状,就可以解决这个问题。有关倒装句的做法,后面有专章说明。

# 疑问句改装的名词从句

典型的名词从句是外加连接词 that,表示“那件事情”(that thing)。另外,以疑问词(who、what、when 等)引导的疑问句,也可以改装成名词从句,代表一个问题(the question)。例如:

  1. I S know V the question O.

  2. Who are you?

→ (A) I S know V who you are O. (我知道你是谁。)

例 2 中 Who are you? 只要改写为非疑问句的顺序 who you are 即成为名词从句,以疑问词 who 当连接词用,不必再加连接词,直接把这个从句放人例 1 中 the question 的位置,作为 know 的宾语,即成为(A)的复句。再看一个例子:

  1. The question S is anybody's guess.

  2. When will the bomb go off?

→ (A) When the bomb will go off S is anybody's guess.

  (炸弹什么时候会爆炸没有人知道。)

例 2 的疑问句只要改成非疑问句的顺序 when the bomb will go off 就成了代表一个问题的名词从句,不必加连接词,可以直接放入例 1 的主语位置构成(A)的复句。

# whether 和 if

疑问句改装的名词从句中比较特别的是由 whether 引导的名词从句。whether 并不能独立当做疑问词来引导一个带问号的疑问句,可是它可以引导代表一个问题的名词从句,请看下例:

  1. I S can’t tell V which O.

  2. Either he’s telling the truth or he's not .

→ (A) I can't tell whether he’s telling the truth or not O.

  (我不知道他有没有说真话。)

例 1 中的 which(“是哪一个?”)也代表一个问题:他是在说真话还是在骗人?把例 2 的这两项选择(either…or)放入例 1 中的宾语位置,再把 which 和 either 结合就成为 whether,可以用来引导其后的从句作为名词从句,当作 tell 的宾语使用,成为(A)的复句。(A)中的 whether 也可以改成 if:

  • I can't tell if he’s telling the truth or not O.

whether 和解释为“是否”的 if 在大多数的情况下可以互换使用,但是在句首位置以及介系词后面就只能用 whether,请从下面的例子思考一下为什么。

  1. Either the stock market will improve or it will not .

  2. (The question) which S is impossible to say now.

→ (A) Whether the stock market will improve or not S is impossible to say now.

  (股市是否会涨,现在还很难说。)

例 1 的两个选择就是例 2 主语部分的问题 which,可以结合成 whether 引导的名词从句,成为(A)的复句。可是(A)的 whether 就不适合换成 if,因为放在句首位置的 if 从句,会让读者误以为是表示“如果”的副词从句。有关副词从句的问题将在下一章介绍,此处从略。再看下例:

  1. Either the tumor is malignant or it is not .

  2. The treatment will be decided by 介系词 (the question) which O.

→ (A) The treatment will be decided by 介系词 whether the tumor is malignant or not O.

  (治疗方法将视肿瘤是否为恶性而定。)

例 1 的两个选择就是例 2 中介系词 by 的宾语 which,可以结合成为 whether 的名词从句,置于 by 之后作宾语。这个位置也不能用 if,因为介系词后面必须使用名词短语,不适合使用连接词引导名词从句。whether 的从句可以放在介系词后面,因为它是 which 和 either 合成的字,其中的 which 是代名词类,可以作介系词的宾语。

# 结语

名词从句有两种形态:

一、完整的简单句外加无意义的连接词 that,代表“那件事”。

二、疑问词引导的疑问句改装,不加连接词,代表“那个问题”,其中 whether 有时可改写为 if。

名词从句属于名词类,要放到主要从句中的名词位置(主语、宾语、补语、同位语)使用。以上就是了解名词从句的重点。

下一章要讲副词从句,这是比较单纯的一种复句,可是它的简化变化最为复杂,所以要把基础打好,遇到简化从句变化时才能处理。

# Test

# 请选出最适当的答案填入空格内,以使句子完整。

1. Although Columbus knew the earth was round, he could not imagine __.
(A) 
how was it large
(B) 
how large it was
(C) 
of what large it was
(D) 
of that what size
Show Answer
2. __ in the stratosphere is depleted is not completely understood.
(A) 
How ozone
(B) 
While ozone
(C) 
Ozone
(D) 
Ozone that
Show Answer
3. It is believed __ into modern birds.
(A) 
that pterosaurs evolved
(B) 
what pterosaurs were evolved
(C) 
it was pterosaurs evolved
(D) 
pterosaurs that were evolved
Show Answer
4. The fact __ the forests of North America are shrinking almost as fast as are those of the Amazon Basin is largely ignored by the American people.
(A) 
of
(B) 
which
(C) 
is that
(D) 
that
Show Answer
5. The report __ some birds guide African natives to honeybee hives was for a long time discredited by the scientific community.
(A) 
why
(B) 
which
(C) 
what
(D) 
that
Show Answer
6. Riding the rapids down the Colorado, Captain Powell was determined to prove __ could be traversed.
(A) 
the Grand Canyon it
(B) 
that in the Grand Canyon
(C) 
how in the Grand Canyon
(D) 
that the Grand Canyon
Show Answer
7. She wouldn't tell me __ she saw there.
(A) 
what
(B) 
that
(C) 
which
(D) 
how
Show Answer
8. Quantum physicists are interested in __ tiny particles move.
(A) 
what
(B) 
which
(C) 
how
(D) 
that
Show Answer
9. __ after lying dormant for hundreds of years is hard to believe.
(A) 
It is seeds that can sprout
(B) 
Seeds can sprout
(C) 
That seeds can sprout
(D) 
Sprouting seeds
Show Answer
10. Whether she can do the job depends on how well prepared __.
(A) 
is she
(B) 
can she
(C) 
she is
(D) 
she can
Show Answer
11. After comparing the two answer sheets, the teacher came to the conclusion __ in the exam.
(A) 
is the students cheated
(B) 
which is the students that cheated
(C) 
that the students cheated
(D) 
what the students cheated
Show Answer
12. Scientists believe __ made the moon as cold as it is.
(A) 
that an atmosphere is absent
(B) 
that the absence of an atmosphere
(C) 
what was the absence an atmosphere
(D) 
an atmosphere is absent
Show Answer
13. __ is decided by the ecological role that it plays.
(A) 
An animal sees well
(B) 
Whether an animal sees well
(C) 
Does an animal see well
(D) 
So an animal sees well
Show Answer
14. Analysts agree __ is too much “hot money”circulating in the stock market.
(A) 
what
(B) 
which
(C) 
that
(D) 
that there
Show Answer
15. Have you wondered whether __ too late to change your job?
(A) 
it is
(B) 
is it
(C) 
that it is
(D) 
is
Show Answer
16. __ is impossible to tell now.
(A) 
When will it snow
(B) 
Whether will snow
(C) 
When it snows
(D) 
Whether it will snow
Show Answer
17. Such an opportunity, __, comes only once in a lifetime.
(A) 
the salesman says
(B) 
that the salesman says
(C) 
which says the salesman
(D) 
what the salesman says
Show Answer
18. Many voters are concerned __ may not be able to deliver on his promises.
(A) 
over the candidate
(B) 
with the candidate
(C) 
that the candidate
(D) 
the candidate that
Show Answer
19. I find __ that he didn't take the money.
(A) 
to believe hard
(B) 
it to believe hard
(C) 
it hardly to believe
(D) 
it hard to believe
Show Answer
20. Babylon is __ Bagdad.
(A) 
that is now
(B) 
what now
(C) 
what is now
(D) 
that now
Show Answer