# 第十五章 对等连接词与对等从句
对等连接词(主要是 and,or 与 but 三个)用来连接句子中两个对等的部分(单词或短语),也可以连接两个对等的从句。所谓对等,指的是结构与内容两方面都要对称,而且对得越工整越好。这个要求很容易理解,但是在写作时却常常被忽略而产生错误或不佳的句子。尤其是在有主、从关系的复句中,或者是简化从句中,若再出现对等连接词,稍有不慎就会出错。以“相关词组”(correlatives)出现的对等连接词(如 not… but;not only… but also;both… and;either… or 等等)也很容易造成错误。再者,对等连接词所连接的对等从句中常会为了避免重复而进行省略,这又是一个容易出错的地方。所以,对等连接词本身固然很单纯,但它在句中的运用却是变化万千。全世界最难的语法考试——GMAT (美国管理研究所入学测验)的语法修辞(Sentence Correction)部分,有关对等连接词的题目就占了不小的比例。
以下不再赘述简单的观念,直接提供十二则例子来说明对等连接词与对等从句需注意的地方。这些例子部分模仿 GMAT 考题的形态,每一句中都有一部分画了底线,其中包含对等连接词使用不当所造成的错误。读者可以自我测验一下:先找找看错在哪里,试着改改看,然后再看后面的说明以及建议的改法。这些例句的性质相当接近 GMAT 考题,句型结构多半较长,也比较复杂,其中包含了本书下一章才会讲解的“简化从句”。如果读者一时无法全部了解,或是不知如何修改,可以先看一下翻译再尝试改改看。
- The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China and important as a transportation conduit as well, has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia. (误)
- (长江是横贯中国最重要的灌溉水源,同时也是重要的交通管道,数千年来孕育着中华文化。)
主要从句的基本句型是:
- The Yangtze River S has nurtured V the Chinese civilization O.
主语与动词中间的两个逗号当一对括弧来看,括弧中放的是主语 The Yangtze River 的同位语(就是形容词从句简化,省略 which is 的结果。详情将于“简化从句”单元中介绍)。这个句子就错在对等连接词 and 连接的两个部分在结构上并不对称:左边的 the most vital source 是名词短语,右边的 important 却是形容词,词类不同,不适合以对等连接词 and 连接。底线部分的改法不只一种,但是最简单的改法就是把右边的词类改为名词类以符合对称的要求,故应修正为:
- The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China and an important transportation conduit, has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia. (正)
- Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered by decreasing environmental temperatures, food shortage, shorter periods of daylight, and by hormonal activity. (误)
- (科学家认为引发冬眠的因素包括环境的气温下降、食物短缺、白昼缩短以及荷尔蒙作用。)
句中画底线的部分是以 by A、B、C and by D 的结构来修饰宾语从句中的动词 is triggered。由内容来看 A、B、C、D 是平行的(都是引发冬眠的因素),应该以对等的方式来处理。可是原句的处理方式中,by A、B、C 之间缺乏连接词,而 and 只能连接两个 by 引导的介系词短语(by this and by that),因此原句的结构有语法上的问题。最佳的修改方式是把 A、B、C、D 四项平行的因素并列,以连接词 and 串连,共同置于单一的介系词之后成为 by A、B、C and D 的结构,故应修正为:
- Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered by decreasing environmental temperatures, food shortage,shorter periods of daylight, and hormonal activity. (正)
- Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth and generally harm the fetus. (误)
- (孕妇吸烟可能妨碍胚胎发育,对胚胎造成一般性的伤害。)
这个句子可视为以下的对等从句的省略:
- Smoking by pregnant women S1 may slow V1 the growth of the fetus O1, and it S2 may generally harm V2 the fetus O2.
这两个对等从句的主语 smoking by pregnant women 相同,宾语 the fetus 也相同。对等从句省略的原则就是,相对应位置如果是重复的元素就可以省略。这是因为对等从句有相当严格的对称要求,即使省略掉重复的元素依然能表达清楚。不过在上面这个句子中,两个宾语扮演的角色不同:在前面的对等从句以 fetus 为介系词 of 的宾语,在后面的对等从句则以 fetus 为动词 harm 的宾语。所以固然可以省略前面的宾语 fetus,但是介系词 of 却不能省略。故应修正为:
- Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth of and generally harm the fetus. (正)
- Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced the speed of calculation, the quality of graphics, the fun with computer games, and have lowered prices. (误)
- (电脑技术的快速进展提高了计算的速度、图形的品质、电脑游戏的乐趣,也降低了价格。)
这个句子以 speed,quality 和 fun 三者为动词 have enhanced 的宾语,三者在内容与结构上都是对等的,可是却没有对等连接词来连接,反而在后面加上 and 和 have lowered prices 连在一起,成为 A、B、C and D 的结构,其中 A、B、C 都是名词短语,D 却是动词短语,这就犯了结构上不对称的毛病。内容上来说,A、B、C 是所增加的三样东西,D 则是降低的东西,所以四者的内容也不对称,不适合并列。修改方法可以把前面三个名词短语用 A、B and C 的方式连接,第四项“降低价格”这项不对称的元素则不必对等, 而以从属从句简化(详见以后章节)的方式来处理,成为:
- Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced the speed of calculation, the quality of graphics and the fun with computer games while lowering prices. (正)
- Population density is very low in Canada, the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and it is the second largest in the whole world. (误)
- (加拿大人口密度很低,它是西半球最大的国家,也是世界第二大国。)
这个句子中,the largest country in the Western Hemisphere 是形容词从句省略掉 which is 之后留下的名词补语,也就是所谓的同位语(作为 Canada 的同位语),置于对等连接词 and 的左边。但是连接词右边的 it is the second largest in the whole world 在涵意上虽然和左边对称,可是却是主要从句的结构,所以结构上并不对称。对等连接词的要求就是在涵意上、结构上都要尽量对称,所以可将 it is the second largest in the whole world 也改为名词短语以求结构对称工整,成为:
- Population density is very low in Canada, the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and the second largest in the whole world. (正)
- Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and with its superiority to the old one being proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over. (误)
- (新的生产程序一旦排除安全方面的顾虑,并且证明它比旧的生产程序更好,这家工厂就没有理由不作改变了。)
对等连接词 and 出现在底线之前。它的左边是一个从属从句, 右边却是介系词短语,造成结构上的不对称。可以先把它还原为对等从句,成为:
- The safety concerns S1 over the new production procedure were removed V1 and its superiority S2 to the old one was proved V2.
这两个对等从句中,主语部分并不相同,动词部分是两个不同动词的被动态,只有 be 动词是重复的元素,所以只能省略一个 be 动词,成为:
- The safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one proved.
这个省略后的对等从句前面加上 once(一旦)就成为表示条件的副词从句,若再附于主要从句之上,就成为符合对称要求的从句:
- Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over. (正)
- Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks, such as guarding the entrance, serving as sentinel and to sound a warning at the slightest threat, and exploring outside the nest for areas rich in flowers and, consequently, nectar. (误)
- (蜂窝中的工蜂担负各种任务,包括守卫入口、站哨并在威胁来临时发出警报,以及到巢外寻找富有花朵及花蜜的地区。)
句子中在 such as 之后列举工蜂担负的任务,基本上是 A、B and C 的结构,其中 B(画底线部分)又可以分成 B1 与 B2——站哨并发出警报。这两个动作是一体的两面,选择用对等的 and 来连接本来十分恰当,只是所连接的两部分 serving as sentinel 与 to sound a warning 在结构上一是动名词,一是不定词,并不对称。再看看 A(guarding the entrance)与 C(exploring outside the nest),都是动名词,所以 B1 与 B2 也应使用动名词才能对称,于是改为:
- Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks, such as guarding the entrance, serving as sentinel and sounding a warning at the slightest threat, and exploring outside the nest for areas rich in flowers and, consequently, nectar. (正)
- Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2,400km to the Yellow Sea in the east and ranging from 4 to 12 m in width. (误)
- (秦始皇在公元前第三世纪修筑了长城,这是巨大的建筑,从西端的甘肃蜿蜒 2,400 公里到东端的黄海,宽度由 4 米至 12 米不等。)
句中的 a gigantic construction 是 the Great Wall 的同位语,后面用 that meanders… 的形容词从句来修饰。对等连接词 and 的右边(底线部分)是 ranging,可是左边却找不到 Ving 的结构可以与它对称。从意思上来看,右边是讲厚度,左边讲长度的部分只有形容词从句的动词 meanders 可能与 ranging 对称,所以把 ranging 改成动词 ranges 以求对称,成为:
- Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2,400 km to the Yellow Sea in the east and ranges from 4 to 12 m in width. (正)
- The large number of sizable orders suggests that factory operations are thriving, but that the low-tech nature of the processing indicates that profit margins will not be as high as might be expected. (误)
- (从许多巨额订单来看,工厂的营运畅旺,可是加工程序属于低科技,显示利润幅度可能不像预期那么高。)
对等连接词 but 右边是 that 引导的名词从句,只能与左边的 that factory operations are thriving 对称。但是如此解释出来的句意不通。仔细对比 but 的左右边,发现意思上是另一种形式的对称:
A. The large number S of sizable orders suggests V something good O.
B. The low-tech nature S of the processing indicates V something bad O.
这两句在形式与意思上都很对称。其中宾语部分的 something good 与 something bad 分别以一个 that 引导的名词从句来表示。看出这层对称关系之后就可以明白: but 的右边应该与左边的主要从句对称,两句都是主要从句,不应以从属连接词 that 来引导,所以 把 but 右边的 that 拿掉,成为:
- The large number of sizable orders suggests that factory operations are thriving, but the low-tech nature of the processing indicates that profit margins will not be as high as might be expected. (正)
- Not only is China the world's most populous state but also the largest market in the 21st century. (误)
- (中国不仅是世界人口最多的国家,也是 21 世纪最大的市场。)
像 not only… but also 之类以相关词组(correlatives)出现的对等连接词,在对称方面的要求更为严格:not only 与 but 之间所夹的部分要和 but 右边对称。原句中把:not only 移到句首成倒装句,造成的结果是它与 but 之间夹着一个完整的从句。因此 but 的右边只有名词短语 the largest market… 就不对称,应该改为完整的从句,成为:
- Not only is China the world's most populous state but it is also the largest market in the 21st century. (正)
注意 also 的位置不一定要和 but 放在一起。also 和 only 一样有强调(focusing)的功能。Not only 修饰动词 is,与其对称之下 also 也和 be 动词放在一起才好,所以右边是 but it is also 而不是 but also it is…。
- New radio stations are either overly partisan, resulting in lopsided propaganda, or avoid politics completely, shirking the media's responsibility as a public watchdog. (误)
- (新成立的广播电台不是党派色彩过于鲜明,造成一面倒的宣传,就是完全避谈政治,推卸了媒体作为大众监察人的责任。)
相关词组 either…or 之间所夹的部分也要与 or 右边对称。原句中左边是形容词 partisan,右边却是动词 avoid,无法对称(两个简化从句 resulting… 与 shirking… 在此先不讨论)。可将两边都改为形容词,成为:
- New radio stations are either overly partisan, resulting in lopsided propaganda, or completely apolitical, shirking the media's responsibility as a public watchdog. (正)
或者两边都用动词,成为:
- New radio stations either take an overly partisan stance, resulting in lopsided propaganda, or avoid politics completely, thus shirking the media's responsibility as a public watchdog. (正)
- Many modern-day scientists are not atheists, to whom there is no such thing as God; rather agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less His properties. (误)
- (许多当代科学家并非无神论者,即不相信有神存在,而是不可知论者,即不愿妄加臆测神的存在与否,更不愿推断神的属性。)
这一句应该是以 not A but B 的相关词组来连接两个名词 atheists 和 agnostics,后面分别附上一个形容词从句。但是原句中却选择用分号(;)和副词 rather 来连接。分号可以取代连接词来连接两个从句,例如:
He's not an atheist; rather, he believes in agnosticism.
(他不是无神论者,而是信奉不可知论。)
可是分号不能取代对等连接词来连接名词短语,更不能取代 not… but 的相关词组,所以将相关词组还原成为:
- Many modern-day scientists are not atheists, to whom there no such thing as God, but agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less His properties. (正)